PMC

To show the error distribution on foot orthosis surface, the prediction error for each grid was calculated as the average error of its vertices.

Example of Smart protocol 1.1. Movements were in-phase in the sagittal plane and the paretic foot was controlled by the healthy. Passing by the set thresholds (10°/−10° relive to the coordinate origin established at the beginning of the protocol) of the healthy foot activated configurations for dorsiflexion (DF)/plantar flexion (PF) of the paretic foot. When the healthy foot was between set thresholds, the stimulation was off. Calculated movements of the healthy foot are represented with red, and movements of the healthy foot with the blue line. Stimulation activations are shown with the green line. Estimated positions of the achieved FES-induced movements are marked with black asterisks.

Example of the Smart protocol 1.2. Movements were in anti-phase in the sagittal plane and the paretic foot was controlled by the healthy. Passing by the set thresholds (10°/−10° relive to the coordinate origin established at the beginning of the protocol) of the healthy foot activated configurations for plantar flexion (PF)/dorsiflexion (DF) of the paretic foot. When the healthy foot was between set thresholds, the stimulation was off. Calculated movements of the healthy foot are represented with red, and movements of the healthy foot with the blue line. Stimulation activations are shown with the green line. Estimated positions of the achieved FES-induced movements are marked with black asterisks.

Illustrative presentation of the walking (cameras set sideways positioned) in the controls (low, a–e) and BPC 157 treated rats (upper, A–E). a, A. Stance phase. Control. Dorsiflexion foot, extended fingers, flexed knee, hip extension (a). BPC 157. Dorsiflexion foot, extended fingers, less flexed knee, hip less extension (A). b, B. Control initiates the swing phase, with prominent plantar flexion foot, flexed knee, and hip hyperextension (b). BPC 157 rat still in the stance phase, dorsiflexion foot, extended fingers, less flexed knee, hip extension (B). c, C. Controls. Swing phase. Dorsiflexion foot, flexed fingers, more flexed knee, hip flexed (c). BPC 157. Dorsiflexion foot, not flexed fingers, less flexed knee, hip flexed (C). d, D. Controls. Swing phase. Dorsiflexion foot, flexed fingers, more flexed knee, hip flexed (d). BPC 157. Dorsiflexion foot, not flexed fingers, less flexed knee, hip flexed (D). e, E. Stance phase. Control. Dorsiflexion foot, extended fingers, flexed knee, hip extension (e). BPC 157. Dorsiflexion foot, extended fingers, less flexed knee, hip less extension (E). Presentation of the foot sliding backward as a sudden jerk of the limb towards the back at the initiation of the swing phase (b) taken as an indicator of the failed walking, consistently present in control rats, but not in BPC 157 rats. Presentation at day 7 illustrative for all experiments.